Complete list of most important Constitutional Articles for UPSC CSE | Kanoon.site
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Complete list of most important Constitutional Articles for UPSC CSE

Here we present to the concerned UPSC CSE aspirants the complete list of most important Constitutional Articles for UPSC CSE.

  • Article 1 [Defines India, that is Bharat, as a Union of States. It also describes the territory of India.]
  • Article 2 [Empowers Parliament to admit new states into the Union of India or establish new states on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit.]
  • Article 3 [Authorizes Parliament to form new states, alter the areas, boundaries, or names of existing states.]
  • Article 4 [Declares that laws made for admission or establishment of new states (under Article 2) and formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries, or names of existing states (under Article 3) are not to be considered as amendments of the Constitution under Article 368.]
  • Article 5 [Deals with citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution, specifying who shall be a citizen of India.]
  • Article 6 [Pertains to the rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan.]
  • Article 7 [Deals with the rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.]
  • Article 8 [Relates to the rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India.]
  • Article 11 [Empowers Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.]
  • Article 12 [Defines the term 'State' for the purposes of Part III (Fundamental Rights) of the Constitution.]
  • Article 13 [Declares that laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the Fundamental Rights shall be void. It establishes the principle of judicial review.]
  • Article 13(3) [Defines 'law' and 'laws in force' for the purpose of Article 13, including ordinances, orders, bye-laws, rules, regulations, notifications, customs, or usages having the force of law.]
  • Article 14 [Guarantees to every person equality before the law and equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.]
  • Article 15 [Prohibits discrimination by the State against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, or any of them.]
  • Article 15(3) [Enables the State to make special provisions for women and children, notwithstanding the general prohibition of discrimination.]
  • Article 16 [Guarantees equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State.]
  • Article 16(3) [Allows Parliament to make laws prescribing residence within a State or Union Territory as a requirement for certain employments or appointments under that State or UT.]
  • Article 16(4) [Enables the State to make provisions for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State.]
  • Article 16(4A) [Permits the State to make provisions for reservation in matters of promotion, with consequential seniority, to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes which are not adequately represented.]
  • Article 17 [Abolishes 'Untouchability' and forbids its practice in any form. The enforcement of any disability arising out of 'Untouchability' shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.]
  • Article 18 [Abolishes titles, prohibiting the State from conferring any titles (except military or academic distinctions) and restricting citizens from accepting titles from foreign states.]
  • Article 19 [Guarantees six fundamental freedoms to citizens - freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association, movement, residence, and profession.]
  • Article 19 (1) F [Originally guaranteed the right to acquire, hold, and dispose of property. This sub-clause was omitted by the 44th Amendment Act, 1978.]
  • Article 20 [Provides protection in respect of conviction for offences, including protection against ex-post-facto laws, double jeopardy, and self-incrimination.]
  • Article 21 [Protects the right to life and personal liberty, stating that no person shall be deprived of their life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.]
  • Article 21A [Provides the right to education, making it mandatory for the State to provide free and compulsory education to all children aged six to fourteen years.]
  • Article 22 [Affords protection against arrest and detention in certain cases, including the right to be informed of the grounds of arrest, consult a legal practitioner, and be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours.]
  • Article 23 [Prohibits traffic in human beings, begar (forced labour), and other similar forms of forced labour.]
  • Article 24 [Prohibits the employment of children below the age of fourteen years in factories, mines, or other hazardous employments.]
  • Article 25 [Guarantees freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion, subject to public order, morality, and health.]
  • Article 26 [Grants every religious denomination or any section thereof the right to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes, manage its own affairs in matters of religion, own and acquire property, and administer such property in accordance with law, subject to public order, morality, and health.]
  • Article 27 [Prohibits compelling any person to pay taxes for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination.]
  • Article 28 [Deals with freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions. It prohibits religious instruction in institutions wholly maintained out of State funds.]
  • Article 29 [Protects the interests of minorities by ensuring that any section of citizens having a distinct language, script, or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.]
  • Article 29(2) [Prohibits denial of admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language, or any of them.]
  • Article 30 [Grants all minorities, whether based on religion or language, the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.]
  • Article 31A [Saves laws providing for the acquisition of estates, etc., from being challenged on the grounds that they are inconsistent with or take away or abridge any of the rights conferred by Article 14 or Article 19.]
  • Article 31B [Validates certain Acts and Regulations included in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution, protecting them from being challenged on the ground of contravention of any Fundamental Rights.]
  • Article 31C [Saves laws giving effect to certain directive principles (specifically Articles 39(b) and 39(c)) from being declared void on the ground that they are inconsistent with or take away or abridge any of the rights conferred by Article 14 or Article 19.]
  • Article 31D [Related to saving of laws in respect of anti-national activities. This article was inserted by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, and later omitted by the 43rd Amendment Act, 1977.]
  • Article 32 [Guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights. It empowers the Supreme Court to issue writs for this purpose.]
  • Article 32(1) [Guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III (Fundamental Rights).]
  • Article 32(2) [Empowers the Supreme Court to issue directions, orders, or writs, including habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari, for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.]
  • Article 33 [Empowers Parliament to modify the Fundamental Rights in their application to Members of the Armed Forces, forces charged with the maintenance of public order, intelligence personnel, etc., to ensure proper discharge of duties and discipline.]
  • Article 34 [Restricts Fundamental Rights while martial law is in force in any area, allowing Parliament to indemnify persons for acts done in connection with the maintenance or restoration of order.]
  • Article 35 [Gives Parliament exclusive power to make laws with respect to certain matters in Part III (Fundamental Rights), such as prescribing residence requirements (Article 16(3)), empowering courts other than the Supreme Court and High Courts to issue writs (Article 32(3)), modifying rights for armed forces (Article 33), and indemnifying acts during martial law (Article 34), and for prescribing punishment for acts declared to be offences under Part III.]
  • Article 35A [Empowered the Jammu and Kashmir state legislature to define 'permanent residents' and provide them with special rights and privileges. It was added by a Presidential Order in 1954 and was abrogated in 2019.]
  • Article 37 [States that the provisions contained in Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) shall not be enforceable by any court, but the principles therein laid down are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws.]
  • Article 38 [Directs the State to secure a social order for the promotion of the welfare of the people, in which justice (social, economic, and political) shall inform all institutions of national life. It also directs the state to minimize inequalities in income, status, facilities, and opportunities.]
  • Article 39 [Lays down certain principles of policy to be followed by the State, including the right to an adequate means of livelihood for all citizens, equitable distribution of material resources, prevention of concentration of wealth, equal pay for equal work, protection of health and strength of workers and children, and opportunities for healthy development of children.]
  • Article 39(b) [Directs the State to ensure that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.]
  • Article 39(c) [Directs the State to ensure that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment.]
  • Article 39A [Directs the State to secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity and to provide free legal aid to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.]
  • Article 40 [Directs the State to take steps to organize village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government.]
  • Article 41 [Directs the State, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, to make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education, and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want.]
  • Article 42 [Directs the State to make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief.]
  • Article 43 [Directs the State to endeavor to secure to all workers a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life, and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities.]
  • Article 43A [Directs the State to take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings, establishments, or other organisations engaged in any industry.]
  • Article 43B [Directs the State to endeavor to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control, and professional management of co-operative societies.]
  • Article 44 [Directs the State to endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.]
  • Article 45 [Directs the State to endeavor to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years. (Originally provided for free and compulsory education for children up to 14 years, which is now largely covered by Article 21A).]
  • Article 46 [Directs the State to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.]
  • Article 47 [Directs the State to regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, to endeavor to bring about prohibition of the consumption of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health.]
  • Article 48 [Directs the State to endeavor to organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and to take steps for preserving and improving breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter of cows, calves, other milch and draught cattle.]
  • Article 48A [Directs the State to endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country.]
  • Article 49 [Makes it an obligation of the State to protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance.]
  • Article 50 [Directs the State to take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.]
  • Article 51A [Directs to take steps to promote peace and security in the common interest of the people.]
  • Article 51 [Directs the State to endeavor to promote international peace and security, maintain just and honorable relations between nations, foster respect for international law and treaty obligations, and encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.]
  • Article 52 [States that there shall be a President of India.]
  • Article 53 [Vests the executive power of the Union in the President, to be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution. It also states that the supreme command of the Defence Forces of the Union shall be vested in the President.]
  • Article 54 [Describes the composition of the electoral college for the election of the President, consisting of elected members of both Houses of Parliament and elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States.]
  • Article 55 [Outlines the manner of election of the President, emphasizing uniformity in the scale of representation of different States and parity between the States as a whole and the Union, using a system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote by secret ballot.]
  • Article 56 [Specifies the term of office of the President as five years from the date on which he enters upon his office, and also covers resignation and removal by impeachment.]
  • Article 57 [States that a person who holds, or who has held, office as President shall be eligible for re-election to that office, subject to other provisions of the Constitution.]
  • Article 58 [Lays down the qualifications for election as President, including being a citizen of India, having completed the age of thirty-five years, and being qualified for election as a member of the House of the People (Lok Sabha).]
  • Article 59 [Sets out the conditions of the President's office, such as not being a member of Parliament or a State Legislature, not holding any other office of profit, and entitlement to official residences, emoluments, allowances, and privileges.]
  • Article 60 [Prescribes the oath or affirmation to be made by the President before entering upon his office, to faithfully execute the office and to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution and the law.]
  • Article 61 [Details the procedure for impeachment of the President for violation of the Constitution.]
  • Article 63 [States that there shall be a Vice-President of India.]
  • Article 64 [States that the Vice-President shall be ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and shall not hold any other office of profit.]
  • Article 66 [Outlines the manner of election of the Vice-President by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament, using proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote and secret ballot. It also specifies eligibility criteria for the Vice-President.]
  • Article 67 [Specifies the term of office of the Vice-President as five years, and covers resignation and removal from office.]
  • Article 69 [Prescribes the oath or affirmation to be made by the Vice-President before entering upon his office.]
  • Article 71 [Deals with matters relating to or connected with the election of a President or Vice-President, stating that all doubts and disputes shall be inquired into and decided by the Supreme Court, whose decision shall be final.]
  • Article 71(2) [States that if the election of a person as President or Vice-President is declared void by the Supreme Court, acts done by him in the exercise of the powers and duties of the office before the date of the Supreme Court's decision shall not be invalidated.]
  • Article 71(4) [Stipulates that the election of a President or Vice-President shall not be called into question on the ground of the existence of any vacancy for whatever reason among the members of the electoral college electing him.]
  • Article 72 [Grants the President the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment, or to suspend, remit, or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence in certain cases (e.g., Court Martial, offences against Union laws, death sentences).]
  • Article 74(1) [Provides that there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice. The President may require the Council of Ministers to reconsider such advice, but shall act in accordance with the advice tendered after such reconsideration.]
  • Article 74(2) [States that the question whether any, and if so what, advice was tendered by Ministers to the President shall not be inquired into in any court.]
  • Article 75 [Contains other provisions as to Ministers, including the appointment of the Prime Minister by the President and other Ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister, that Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the President, and collective responsibility to the Lok Sabha.]
  • Article 75(1) [States that the Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.]
  • Article 75(2) [Stipulates that the Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the President.]
  • Article 75(3) [Enshrines the principle of collective responsibility, stating that the Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the House of the People (Lok Sabha).]
  • Article 75(5) [Requires that a Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a member of either House of Parliament shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a Minister.]
  • Article 76 [Deals with the Attorney-General for India, including his appointment by the President, qualifications, duties (to give advice to the Government of India upon legal matters and perform other duties of a legal character), right of audience in all courts, and holding office during the pleasure of the President.]
  • Article 77(3) [Empowers the President to make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of the Government of India, and for the allocation among Ministers of the said business.]
  • Article 78 [Outlines the duties of the Prime Minister to communicate to the President all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the Union and proposals for legislation, and to furnish such information as the President may call for.]
  • Article 79 [States that there shall be a Parliament for the Union, which shall consist of the President and two Houses to be known respectively as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).]
  • Article 80(3) [Specifies that the members to be nominated by the President to the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) under sub-clause (a) of clause (1) shall consist of persons having special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art, and social service.]
  • Article 82 [Provides for the readjustment of allocation of seats in the House of the People to the States and the division of each State into territorial constituencies after each census.]
  • Article 83(2) [Stipulates that the House of the People (Lok Sabha), unless sooner dissolved, shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting, and no longer, and the expiration of the said period of five years shall operate as a dissolution of the House.]
  • Article 85 [Empowers the President to summon each House of Parliament, prorogue the Houses, and dissolve the House of the People. It also mandates that six months shall not intervene between the last sitting in one session and the first sitting in the next session.]
  • Article 86 [Confers upon the President the right to address either House of Parliament or both Houses assembled together, and for that purpose require the attendance of members.]
  • Article 86(2) [Allows the President to send messages to either House of Parliament, whether with respect to a Bill then pending in Parliament or otherwise, and the House to which any message is so sent shall with all convenient dispatch consider any matter required by the message to be taken into consideration.]
  • Article 87 [Provides for a special address by the President to both Houses of Parliament assembled together at the commencement of the first session after each general election to the House of the People and at the commencement of the first session of each year.]
  • Article 88 [Grants every Minister and the Attorney-General of India the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the proceedings of, either House, any joint sitting of the Houses, and any committee of Parliament of which he may be named a member, but not to vote by virtue of this article.]
  • Article 89 [States that the Vice-President of India shall be ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and provides for the choosing of a Deputy Chairman by the Council of States.]
  • Article 94 [Deals with the vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People (Lok Sabha).]
  • Article 101(2) [Prohibits a person from being a member of both Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State. If chosen for both, their seat in Parliament becomes vacant after a specified period unless they resign their State Legislature seat.]
  • Article 101(4) [States that if a member of either House of Parliament is absent from all meetings thereof for sixty days without permission, the House may declare his seat vacant.]
  • Article 102 [Lays down the grounds for disqualification for being chosen as, and for being, a member of either House of Parliament, including holding an office of profit, being of unsound mind, being an undischarged insolvent, not being a citizen of India or having acquired foreign citizenship, or being disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament (including disqualification under the Tenth Schedule - Anti-Defection Law).]
  • Article 102(1) [Specifies the grounds for disqualification of a person for being chosen as, and for being, a Member of Parliament, such as holding an office of profit, unsoundness of mind, insolvency, or issues related to citizenship or allegiance to a foreign state, or if disqualified under any law made by Parliament.]
  • Article 102(2) [States that a person shall be disqualified for being a member of either House of Parliament if they are so disqualified under the Tenth Schedule (provisions as to disqualification on ground of defection).]
  • Article 103 [Provides that if any question arises as to whether a member of either House of Parliament has become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in Article 102(1), the question shall be referred for the decision of the President, whose decision shall be final after obtaining the opinion of the Election Commission.]
  • Article 105 [Deals with the powers, privileges, and immunities of the Houses of Parliament and their members and committees, including freedom of speech in Parliament and immunity from court proceedings for anything said or any vote given in Parliament.]
  • Article 106 [Entitles members of either House of Parliament to receive such salaries and allowances as may from time to time be determined by Parliament by law.]
  • Article 108 [Provides for a joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament in certain cases to resolve a deadlock between them on a Bill (not applicable to Money Bills).]
  • Article 109 [Lays down the special procedure in respect of Money Bills, stating they shall not be introduced in the Rajya Sabha and outlining the Rajya Sabha's limited powers to recommend amendments within fourteen days.]
  • Article 110 [Defines a Money Bill as a Bill containing only provisions dealing with matters such as taxation, government borrowing, custody of the Consolidated Fund or Contingency Fund, appropriation of moneys, etc. The Speaker's decision on whether a Bill is a Money Bill is final.]
  • Article 112 [Requires the President to cause to be laid before both Houses of Parliament an "annual financial statement" (commonly known as the Budget), showing the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for that year.]
  • Article 113 [Outlines the procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates, stating that estimates relating to expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India are not submitted to the vote of Parliament, while other estimates are submitted in the form of demands for grants to the Lok Sabha.]
  • Article 114 [Provides for Appropriation Bills, which authorize the withdrawal of money from the Consolidated Fund of India to meet grants made by the Lok Sabha and expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund.]
  • Article 115 [Deals with supplementary, additional, or excess grants that may be required when the amount authorized by the Appropriation Act is found to be insufficient or when a need arises for new expenditure not contemplated in the annual financial statement.]
  • Article 116 [Empowers the Lok Sabha to make grants in advance (votes on account), votes of credit (for meeting unexpected demands), and exceptional grants, pending the completion of budgetary procedures.]
  • Article 117 [Lays down special provisions as to Financial Bills, requiring the President's recommendation for their introduction and movement, particularly if they contain provisions specified in Article 110(1) or involve expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India.]
  • Article 117(1) [Specifies that Financial Bills requiring President's recommendation must be introduced in the Lok Sabha and not Rajya Sabha, and deals with other special provisions for financial bills.]
  • Article 121 [Restricts discussion in Parliament on the conduct of Supreme Court or High Court judges in their judicial duties, except during impeachment motions.]
  • Article 122 [Bars courts from inquiring into parliamentary proceedings on grounds of alleged procedural irregularity.]
  • Article 123 [Empowers the President to promulgate Ordinances during parliamentary recess, having the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament but are temporary in nature.]
  • Article 124A [Pertains to the establishment and composition of the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) for recommending persons for appointment as Supreme Court and High Court judges. (Note- This article regarding NJAC was later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court).]
  • Article 124(1) [Establishes the Supreme Court of India, consisting of a Chief Justice of India and, until Parliament by law prescribes a larger number, of not more than thirty-three other Judges.]
  • Article 124(2) [States that every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal, (originally after consultation, later on the recommendation of the NJAC, and post-NJAC judgment, through the collegium system) and shall hold office until the age of sixty-five years.]
  • Article 124(3) [Specifies the qualifications for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court, including being a citizen of India and having experience as a High Court judge for at least five years, or an advocate of a High Court for at least ten years, or being a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President.]
  • Article 124(4) [Outlines the procedure for the removal of a Supreme Court Judge from office by an order of the President, passed after an address by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting.]
  • Article 124(5) [Empowers Parliament to make laws to regulate the procedure for the presentation of an address and for the investigation and proof of the misbehaviour or incapacity of a Judge under clause (4).]
  • Article 124(6) [Requires every person appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court to make and subscribe before the President, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to the form set out in the Third Schedule.]
  • Article 124(7) [Prohibits any person who has held office as a Judge of the Supreme Court from pleading or acting in any court or before any authority within the territory of India.]
  • Article 125 [Deals with the salaries, privileges, allowances, and rights in respect of leave of absence and pension of the Judges of the Supreme Court, as determined by Parliament by law, and ensures these are not varied to their disadvantage after appointment.]
  • Article 127 [Provides for the appointment of ad hoc Judges to the Supreme Court by the Chief Justice of India, with the previous consent of the President, if at any time there is no quorum of Judges available to hold or continue any session of the Court.]
  • Article 128 [Allows the Chief Justice of India, with the consent of the President, to request a retired Supreme Court Judge or a retired High Court Judge (qualified for appointment as an SC Judge) to sit and act as a Judge of the Supreme Court.]
  • Article 129 [Establishes the Supreme Court as a court of record, granting it all powers of such a court, including the power to punish for contempt of itself.]
  • Article 130 [Specifies that the Supreme Court shall sit in Delhi or in such other place or places as the Chief Justice of India may, with the approval of the President, decide from time to time.]
  • Article 132 [Deals with the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in cases involving a substantial question of law regarding the interpretation of the Constitution.]
  • Article 133 [Pertains to the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in civil matters, typically requiring a certificate from the High Court.]
  • Article 134 [Outlines the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters from High Courts, under specific conditions such as reversal of acquittal leading to a death sentence or if the High Court certifies the case as fit for appeal.]
  • Article 134A [Mandates High Courts to determine whether a certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court (under Articles 132, 133, or 134) should be granted, soon after delivering the judgment or order.]
  • Article 136 [Confers discretionary power upon the Supreme Court to grant special leave to appeal from any judgment, decree, determination, sentence, or order made by any court or tribunal in India (with certain exceptions).]
  • Article 137 [Grants the Supreme Court the power to review any judgment pronounced or order made by it, subject to laws made by Parliament or rules made under Article 145.]
  • Article 138 [Allows Parliament to enlarge the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court with respect to matters in the Union List and confer further jurisdiction by special agreement with State Governments.]
  • Article 139 [Empowers Parliament to confer on the Supreme Court the power to issue directions, orders, or writs (like habeas corpus, mandamus, etc.) for any purposes other than the enforcement of Fundamental Rights (which is covered under Article 32).]
  • Article 139A [Provides for the power of the Supreme Court to transfer certain cases from one or more High Courts to itself or from one High Court to another if they involve similar substantial questions of law.]
  • Article 141 [Declares that the law laid down by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India.]
  • Article 142 [Empowers the Supreme Court to pass any decree or make any order necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it, which is enforceable throughout India.]
  • Article 143 [Confers advisory jurisdiction on the Supreme Court, allowing the President to consult it on questions of law or fact of public importance.]
  • Article 145 [Authorizes the Supreme Court, with the President's approval, to make rules for regulating its practice and procedure, including rules for hearings, appeals, and persons practicing before it.]
  • Article 150 [Stipulates that the accounts of the Union and of the States shall be kept in such form as the President may, on the advice of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, prescribe.]
  • Article 151 [Mandates that the audit reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India relating to Union accounts be submitted to the President (for Parliament) and State accounts to the Governor (for State Legislature).]
  • Article 155 [States that the Governor of a State shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.]
  • Article 156 [Specifies that the Governor holds office during the pleasure of the President, may resign by writing to the President, and otherwise holds office for a term of five years.]
  • Article 157 [Lays down the qualifications for appointment as Governor, requiring the person to be a citizen of India and to have completed the age of thirty-five years.]
  • Article 159 [Prescribes the oath or affirmation to be made by the Governor before entering office, to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution and the law.]
  • Article 161 [Grants the Governor of a State the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment, or to suspend, remit, or commute sentences in respect of offences against laws to which the State's executive power extends.]
  • Article 163(1) [Provides for a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister as the head to aid and advise the Governor in his functions, except where he is required to act in his discretion.]
  • Article 164 [Contains provisions regarding Ministers, including the appointment of the Chief Minister by the Governor, other Ministers on the CM's advice, their collective responsibility to the Legislative Assembly, and a requirement for a tribal welfare minister in certain states.]
  • Article 164(4) [Stipulates that a Minister who is not a member of the State Legislature for six consecutive months shall cease to be a Minister.]
  • Article 165 [Deals with the appointment, duties, and conditions of office of the Advocate-General for the State, who is appointed by the Governor and advises the State government on legal matters.]
  • Article 167 [Outlines the duties of the Chief Minister to communicate to the Governor all decisions of the Council of Ministers regarding State administration and legislative proposals, and to furnish such information as the Governor may require.]
  • Article 169 [Empowers Parliament to provide for the abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States, if the Legislative Assembly of the State passes a resolution to that effect by a specified majority.]
  • Article 170 [Concerns the composition of State Legislative Assemblies, specifying that they shall consist of not more than five hundred and not less than sixty members chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies.]
  • Article 171 [Details the composition of State Legislative Councils, including the maximum and minimum number of members and the methods of their selection (election by various electorates and nomination by the Governor).]
  • Article 191 [Outlines the grounds for disqualification for being chosen as, and for being, a member of the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council of a State. This includes holding an office of profit, being of unsound mind, being an undischarged insolvent, not being a citizen of India or having acquired foreign citizenship, or being disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament.]
  • Article 191(2) [States that a person shall be disqualified for being a member of the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council of a State if they are so disqualified under the Tenth Schedule (provisions as to disqualification on ground of defection).]
  • Article 192 [Specifies that if any question arises as to whether a member of a House of the Legislature of a State has become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in Article 191(1), the question shall be referred for the decision of the Governor, whose decision shall be final, and the Governor shall act according to the opinion of the Election Commission.]
  • Article 200 [Deals with the Governor's assent to Bills passed by the State Legislature. The Governor can assent, withhold assent, reserve the Bill for the President's consideration, or return a non-Money Bill for reconsideration. If a Bill is re-passed, the Governor must assent.]
  • Article 211 [Restricts discussion in the Legislature of a State with respect to the conduct of any Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court in the discharge of his duties.]
  • Article 213 [Empowers the Governor to promulgate Ordinances during the recess of the State Legislature if circumstances necessitate immediate action. These Ordinances have the same force as an Act but must be laid before the Legislature and cease to operate if not approved.]
  • Article 215 [Declares that every High Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court, including the power to punish for contempt of itself.]
  • Article 216 [States that every High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint.]
  • Article 217(1) [Details the appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court. Judges are appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and (for judges other than the Chief Justice) the Chief Justice of the High Court. It also covers resignation, removal, and vacation of office.]
  • Article 217(2) [Specifies the qualifications for appointment as a Judge of a High Court a person must be a citizen of India and have at least ten years of experience as a judicial officer or as an advocate of a High Court.]
  • Article 218 [Applies certain provisions relating to the Supreme Court (specifically Article 124(4) and 124(5) regarding removal of judges) to High Courts.]
  • Article 226 [Empowers High Courts to issue certain writs (like habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari) to any person or authority, including the government, for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose.]
  • Article 233 [Deals with the appointment of district judges. Appointments, postings, and promotions of district judges in any State are made by the Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State.]
  • Article 234 [Concerns the recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service of a State. Such appointments are made by the Governor in accordance with rules made after consultation with the State Public Service Commission and the High Court.]
  • Article 239 [States that, unless Parliament provides otherwise by law, every Union Territory shall be administered by the President acting through an administrator appointed by him with a specified designation. It also allows the President to appoint the Governor of a State as the administrator of an adjoining Union Territory.]
  • Article 239(2) [Notwithstanding anything in Part VI, the President may appoint the Governor of a State as the administrator of an adjoining Union territory. When a Governor is so appointed, they shall exercise their functions as such administrator independently of their Council of Ministers.]
  • Article 243 [Provides definitions for Part IX ("The Panchayats") of the Constitution, including terms like 'district', 'Gram Sabha', 'intermediate level', 'Panchayat', 'Panchayat area', 'population', and 'village'. This part was added by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992.]
  • Article 243D [Mandates reservation of seats in Panchayats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in proportion to their population, and also reserves not less than one-third of total seats for women (including seats reserved for SC/ST women). It also provides for reservation of offices of Chairpersons.]
  • Article 243G [Empowers State Legislatures to endow Panchayats with powers and authority necessary to function as institutions of self-government, including responsibilities for preparing plans for economic development and social justice, and implementing schemes listed in the Eleventh Schedule.]
  • Article 243H [Authorizes State Legislatures to permit Panchayats to levy taxes, duties, tolls, and fees; assign State-collected taxes to Panchayats; provide grants-in-aid; and constitute funds for Panchayats.]
  • Article 243I [Requires the Governor to constitute a State Finance Commission every five years to review the financial position of Panchayats and make recommendations on the distribution of taxes between the State and Panchayats, and grants-in-aid.]
  • Article 243K [Vests the superintendence, direction, and control of the preparation of electoral rolls and conduct of all Panchayat elections in a State Election Commission, headed by a State Election Commissioner appointed by the Governor.]
  • Article 243ZD [Provides for the constitution of a District Planning Committee at the district level in every State to consolidate plans prepared by Panchayats and Municipalities and prepare a draft development plan for the entire district.]
  • Article 243ZE [Mandates the constitution of a Metropolitan Planning Committee in every Metropolitan area (population of 10 lakhs or more) to prepare a draft development plan for the Metropolitan area as a whole.]
  • Article 246 [Defines the legislative powers of Parliament and State Legislatures by distributing subjects into the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List, as detailed in the Seventh Schedule.]
  • Article 248 [Grants Parliament exclusive residuary powers of legislation, meaning it can make laws on any matter not enumerated in the Concurrent List or State List, including imposing taxes not mentioned in those lists.]
  • Article 249 [Allows Parliament to legislate on a matter in the State List if the Rajya Sabha declares by a two-thirds majority resolution that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest.]
  • Article 250 [Empowers Parliament to make laws on any matter in the State List for the whole or any part of India when a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.]
  • Article 252 [Enables Parliament to legislate for two or more States on a matter (for which it normally lacks power) if their Legislatures pass resolutions to that effect; other States can adopt this legislation later.]
  • Article 253 [Empowers Parliament to make any law for the whole or any part of India to implement international treaties, agreements, conventions, or decisions made at international conferences, associations, or other bodies.]
  • Article 254(1) [Establishes that if a State law is repugnant to a Union law (which Parliament is competent to enact) or an existing law on a Concurrent List matter, the Union law or existing law will prevail, and the State law will be void to the extent of the repugnancy, subject to clause (2).]
  • Article 254(2) [Provides that a State law on a Concurrent List matter, if repugnant to an earlier Union law or existing law, will prevail in that State if it was reserved for and received the President's assent. However, Parliament can still amend, vary, or repeal such a State law.]
  • Article 256 [Obliges States to exercise their executive power to ensure compliance with Parliamentary laws and existing laws. The Union's executive power extends to giving necessary directions to States for this purpose.]
  • Article 257 [Mandates States to exercise their executive power so as not to impede or prejudice the Union's executive power. The Union can issue directions to States for this, and also regarding construction/maintenance of national/military communications and protection of railways.]
  • Article 263 [Empowers the President to establish an Inter-State Council to inquire into and advise on disputes between States, discuss subjects of common interest, and make recommendations for better policy coordination.]
  • Article 265 [Stipulates that no tax shall be levied or collected except by authority of law, ensuring taxation is not arbitrary and is legislatively backed.]
  • Article 266 [Establishes Consolidated Funds and public accounts for India and States. All government revenues, loans raised, and loan repayments form the Consolidated Fund. Other public moneys go to the public account. Appropriation from Consolidated Fund requires legal sanction.]
  • Article 266(1) [Details the formation of the Consolidated Fund of India and of a State, comprising all their revenues, loans raised (like treasury bills, ways and means advances), and moneys received in loan repayments.]
  • Article 266(2) [Specifies that all other public moneys received by or on behalf of the Government of India or a State (not part of the Consolidated Fund) are credited to the respective public accounts.]
  • Article 266(3) [Prohibits appropriation of money out of the Consolidated Fund of India or a State except in accordance with law and for purposes and manner provided in the Constitution.]
  • Article 267 [Allows Parliament (for India) and State Legislatures (for States) to establish a Contingency Fund (imprest) to meet unforeseen expenditure, pending authorization by the legislature. It's placed at the disposal of the President or Governor, respectively.]
  • Article 268 [Deals with certain duties (stamp duties and excise on medicinal/toilet preparations in Union List) levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States. These proceeds are assigned to the States and do not form part of India's Consolidated Fund.]
  • Article 275 [Provides for grants-in-aid from the Union to States that Parliament determines to be in need of assistance. It includes special provisions for funds for promoting the welfare of Scheduled Tribes and developing Scheduled Areas.]
  • Article 276 [Empowers State Legislatures to levy taxes on professions, trades, callings, and employments, capped at Rs. 2,500 per person per annum. This doesn't limit Parliament's income tax powers.]
  • Article 280 [Mandates the President to constitute a Finance Commission every five years (or earlier) to recommend the distribution of tax proceeds between Union and States, grants-in-aid principles, and measures to augment State funds for Panchayats and Municipalities.]
  • Article 281 [Mandates the President to lay every recommendation of the Finance Commission, along with an explanatory memorandum of action taken, before each House of Parliament.]
  • Article 285 [Exempts Union property from State taxation unless Parliament legislates otherwise; allows pre-Constitution taxes on Union property to continue until Parliament provides otherwise.]
  • Article 287 [Exempts electricity consumed or sold to the Government of India, and for railway construction, maintenance, or operation by the Government of India, from State taxes, unless Parliament legislates otherwise.]
  • Article 289 [Exempts State property and income from Union taxation, but Parliament can authorize Union taxes on trade or business carried on by a State, unless such trade is declared incidental to ordinary government functions.]
  • Article 292 [Extends the Union's executive power to borrowing on the security of the Consolidated Fund of India and giving guarantees, within limits set by Parliament.]
  • Article 300A [Provides that no person shall be deprived of their property save by authority of law, making the right to property a constitutional right (not a fundamental right).]
  • Article 310 [Establishes that members of defence services, Union civil services, and All-India services hold office during the President's pleasure, and State civil service members during the Governor's pleasure, subject to other constitutional provisions.]
  • Article 311 [Safeguards civil servants from arbitrary dismissal, removal, or rank reduction by requiring an inquiry with an opportunity to be heard and ensuring action is not taken by an authority subordinate to the appointing one.]
  • Article 312 [Empowers Parliament to create All-India services (including an All-India Judicial Service) if the Rajya Sabha declares it necessary in the national interest by a two-thirds majority vote.]
  • Article 315 [Provides for a Public Service Commission for the Union (UPSC) and for each State (State PSC), and allows for a Joint State Public Service Commission for multiple States upon their agreement and Parliamentary law.]
  • Article 321 [Allows Parliament or State Legislatures to confer additional functions upon the UPSC or State PSCs respectively, relating to services of the Union, States, local authorities, corporate bodies, or public institutions.]
  • Article 323A [Enables Parliament to establish administrative tribunals for adjudicating disputes related to recruitment and service conditions of public servants, potentially excluding jurisdiction of other courts except the Supreme Court (Art. 136).]
  • Article 323B [Allows appropriate Legislatures to establish tribunals for specified matters like taxation, foreign exchange, land reforms, elections, and essential goods, for adjudication of disputes, complaints, or offences.]
  • Article 324(1) [Vests the superintendence, direction, and control of preparing electoral rolls and conducting all elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and offices of President and Vice-President in the Election Commission.]
  • Article 324(2) [States the Election Commission shall consist of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners, if any, as the President fixes; their appointment, subject to Parliamentary law, is by the President.]
  • Article 324(5) [Specifies that Election Commissioners' and Regional Commissioners' service conditions and tenure are determined by Presidential rule, subject to Parliamentary law. The CEC's removal follows the process for a Supreme Court Judge and service conditions cannot be varied disadvantageously. Other Commissioners are removed on CEC's recommendation.]
  • Article 325 [Mandates a single general electoral roll for each constituency for Parliament and State Legislatures, prohibiting discrimination for inclusion based on religion, race, caste, or sex.]
  • Article 326 [Establishes adult suffrage for elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies, entitling citizens aged 18+ (not otherwise disqualified) to vote.]
  • Article 327 [Empowers Parliament to make laws concerning all matters relating to elections for Parliament and State Legislatures, including electoral rolls and constituency delimitation.]
  • Article 328 [Allows State Legislatures to make laws for elections to their own Houses, on matters not covered by Parliamentary law, including electoral rolls and other necessary provisions.]
  • Article 330 [Provides for reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in the Lok Sabha, proportionate to their population in each State/UT.]
  • Article 331 [Formerly allowed the President to nominate up to two Anglo-Indian members to the Lok Sabha if the community was inadequately represented (provision discontinued by the 104th Amendment Act, 2019).]
  • Article 335 [Mandates consideration of SC/ST claims in appointments to Union/State services, consistent with administrative efficiency, and allows for relaxation of qualifying marks/evaluation standards for their promotions.]
  • Article 338 [Establishes the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) with powers of a civil court, detailing its composition, functions to monitor safeguards, inquire into complaints, and advise on SC socio-economic development.]
  • Article 338(9) [Requires the Union and State Governments to consult the National Commission for Scheduled Castes on all major policy matters affecting Scheduled Castes.]
  • Article 338A [Provides for the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST), outlining its composition, powers (similar to a civil court), and functions analogous to the NCSC but for Scheduled Tribes.]
  • Article 338B [Establishes the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) with constitutional status, detailing its composition, powers, and duties to safeguard and promote the interests of socially and educationally backward classes.]
  • Article 339(2) [Extends the Union's executive power to giving directions to States on drawing up and executing schemes essential for the welfare of Scheduled Tribes in that State.]
  • Article 342A [Empowers the President to specify socially and educationally backward classes (SEBCs) for a State/UT (after consulting the Governor for a State); Parliament can modify the Central List of SEBCs. States/UTs can maintain their own SEBC lists.]
  • Article 343 [Declares Hindi in Devanagari script as the Union's official language and the international form of Indian numerals for official use, with provisions for continued use of English for a specified period.]
  • Article 344 [Provides for a Commission on Official Language to be constituted by the President to make recommendations on the progressive use of Hindi, restrictions on English use, language for courts, and form of numerals, and for a Parliamentary Committee to examine these recommendations.]
  • Article 347 [Allows the President, on demand, to direct that a language spoken by a substantial proportion of a State's population be officially recognized throughout that State or any part thereof for specified purposes.]
  • Article 350A [Directs States and local authorities to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at the primary stage of education to children from linguistic minority groups.]
  • Article 350B [Provides for a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities, appointed by the President, to investigate matters relating to safeguards for linguistic minorities and report to the President.]
  • Article 351 [Enjoins the Union to promote the spread and development of the Hindi language to serve as a medium of expression for India's composite culture, enriching it by assimilating forms from Hindustani and other Indian languages, primarily drawing from Sanskrit.]
  • Article 352 [Empowers the President to proclaim a National Emergency if the security of India or a part of it is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion, subject to Parliamentary approval.]
  • Article 353 [Outlines the effects of a Proclamation of Emergency, including the extension of the Union's executive power to give directions to States and Parliament's power to legislate on State List matters.]
  • Article 355 [Imposes a duty on the Union to protect States from external aggression and internal disturbance and to ensure State governments function according to the Constitution.]
  • Article 358 [Provides for the automatic suspension of rights under Article 19 (freedoms) during a National Emergency declared on grounds of war or external aggression.]
  • Article 359 [Authorizes the President to suspend the right to move court for enforcement of specified Fundamental Rights (except Articles 20 and 21) during a National Emergency.]
  • Article 360 [Enables the President to proclaim a Financial Emergency if India's financial stability is threatened, allowing the Union to issue financial directions to States, including salary reductions.]
  • Article 361 [Grants immunity to the President and Governors from court proceedings for their official acts, and protects them from criminal proceedings and arrest/imprisonment during their term of office.]
  • Article 365 [Allows the President to hold that a State government cannot be carried on per the Constitution if the State fails to comply with Union's executive directions, potentially leading to President's Rule.]
  • Article 368 [Empowers Parliament to amend the Constitution and outlines the procedure, requiring special majorities and, for certain federal provisions, ratification by at least half of the State Legislatures.]
  • Article 371 [Confers special responsibility on the Governors of Maharashtra and Gujarat for establishing development boards for specific backward regions (Vidarbha, Marathwada, Saurashtra, Kutch) and ensuring equitable fund allocation and opportunities.]
  • Article 371A [Provides special provisions for Nagaland, safeguarding Naga customary law, religious practices, and land ownership from Parliamentary acts without State Assembly consent, and gives the Governor special responsibility for law and order.]
  • Article 371C [Provides special provisions for Manipur, allowing the President to create a committee of the Legislative Assembly from Hill Areas for their administration and requiring the Governor to report to the President on Hill Areas administration.]
  • Article 371f [Contains special provisions for Sikkim, including its Legislative Assembly size, protection of rights of Sikkimese people, and Governor's discretionary powers for peace and socio-economic advancement.]
  • Article 371G [Provides special provisions for Mizoram, ensuring that Parliamentary acts on Mizo religious/social practices, customary law, and land ownership require State Assembly consent. Sets a minimum of 40 members for the Assembly.]
  • Article 371H [Confers special responsibility on the Governor of Arunachal Pradesh for law and order, allowing individual judgment after consulting Ministers. Sets a minimum of 30 members for the Assembly.]
  • Article 371J [Provides special provisions for the Hyderabad-Karnataka region, empowering the Governor to establish a development board, ensure equitable fund allocation, and provide reservations in education and State government jobs for locals.]
  • Article 372 [Ensures the continuance of pre-Constitution laws until altered or repealed by a competent legislature. The President was empowered to adapt these laws for three years post-Constitution commencement to align them with its provisions.]